The cornea is a remarkable part of the human body because it is completely free of blood vessels.

Unlike other tissues that rely on blood flow for oxygen and nutrients, the cornea must remain clear to allow light to pass through and reach the retina.

To maintain this transparency, it has evolved to get its oxygen directly from the air. This process occurs through the tear film that covers the eye’s surface, enabling oxygen to diffuse directly into the corneal cells.

Despite lacking a blood supply, the cornea remains metabolically active. When the eyes are open, oxygen from the surrounding air is absorbed through the tear layer.

At night, or when the eyes are closed, oxygen is delivered instead by the aqueous humor, a fluid found inside the eye. This delicate balance is essential for keeping the cornea healthy and transparent.

Because it lacks blood vessels, the cornea also has limited healing abilities. However, it compensates for this with a dense network of nerve endings, making it one of the most sensitive tissues in the human body.

This sensitivity triggers protective reflexes like blinking and tear production. Its unique design not only ensures sharp vision but also showcases an extraordinary adaptation that balances clarity, nourishment, and protection.

Newborn babies are born with approximately 270 to 300 bones.

As they grow, many of these bones fuse together — especially in the skull and spine — resulting in 206 bones in the average adult skeleton.

Example: The bones in the skull start as multiple pieces to allow flexibility during birth and growth.

Ossification (bone fusion) occurs gradually throughout childhood and adolescence.

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Scientists have developed a remarkable new material named Proteus that has the ability to stop bullets while being ultra-thin and lightweight.

This material hardens instantly upon impact, behaving in a way similar to diamond, making it extremely difficult to penetrate.

The innovation draws inspiration from natural structures like grapefruit peels and abalone shells, which are known for their unique ability to absorb and disperse energy effectively.

Proteus is made by embedding hard ceramic spheres within a flexible aluminum structure. When a bullet or drill strikes the material, it reacts dynamically.

The ceramic particles inside begin to vibrate at high frequencies, which blunts the projectile and spreads the force across the structure, making it nearly impenetrable. This combination of flexibility and extreme toughness is unlike anything seen in conventional body armor materials.

Researchers from the University of Surrey and the Leibniz Institute conducted extensive studies on Proteus and confirmed its unique properties.

It falls under a category of materials known as non-Newtonian substances, meaning it behaves differently under varying types of force. Under sudden, high-speed impacts, it transitions from soft and flexible to extremely hard, stopping bullets and tools alike.

This innovation has wide-ranging potential applications. It could revolutionize body armor for military and law enforcement, allowing for lighter gear that still offers full protection.

It could also be used in protective casings for vehicles, secure storage containers, and bullet-resistant building materials. With Proteus, the future of protective technology looks thinner, stronger, and smarter.